Recombinant cephalosporin C amidohydrolase in cephalosporin biosynthesis

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to an enzyme process for the one-step conversion of cephalosporin C or a derivative thereof into 7-aminocephalosporanic acid or a corresponding derivative thereof. The one step conversion is effected using a cephalosphorin C amidohydrolase derived from  Pseudomonas Vesicularis  B965, or from any cephalosporin C amidolydrolase producing or potentially producing descendants thereof, or from expression of DNA derived from  Pseudomonas Vesicularis  B965 or any cephalosporin C amidohydrolase producing or potentially producing descendants thereof.

This is a continuation of application No. 08/817,900, filed Apr. 25, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,648, which is a 371 of PCT/EP95/04487 filed Nov. 15, 1995.

The present invention relates to an enzyme process for the one step conversion of cephalosporin C or a derivative thereof into 7-aminocephalosporanic acid or a corresponding derivative thereof. The one step conversion is effected using a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase enzyme derived from Pseudomonas vesicularis B965, or from any cephalosporin C amidohydrolase producing or potentially producing descendants thereof, or from any expression of DNA, particularly a recombinant DNA molecule, derived from Pseudomonas vesicularis B965 as described herein, or any cephalosporin C amidohydrolase producing or potentially producing descendants thereof.

Cephalosporin C is the fermentation product of the cephalosporin biosynthesis pathway and although it has been shown to have some activity against gram-negative microorganisms as an antibiotic itself, the major commercial use of cephalosporin C is as a building block for other cephalosporin-like antibiotics. In particular, the D-α-aminoadipoyl side chain may be removed to give the highly useful intermediate 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) which is a precursor to a wide range of semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotics including caphalothin, cephaloridine and cefuroxime.

The current industrial process for producing 7-ACA from cephalosporin C is a chemical cleavage of the D-α-aminoadipoyl side chain. There are several different methods in use (see for instance A Smith in “Comprehensive Biotechnology: the Principles, Applications and Regulations of Biotechnology in Industry, Agriculture and Medicine”, Volume 3 (“The Practice of Biotechnology: Current Commodity Products”), Eds. H. W. Blanch et. al., esp. pp. 163-185, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1985), but all are essentially imino-halide processes with appropriate protection of amino and carboxyl groups. See, for example, the nitrosyl chloride cleavage developed by Morin et al (J.Am.Chem.Soc., 84, 3400 (1962)) now superseded by the imino ether method developed by Ciba Geigy (Fechtig et al, Helv. Chim. Acta., 51, 1108 (1968)).

These chemical processes have several disadvantages which include: the cost of the chemical reagents for protection and cleavage; the expense of providing the required low operating temperatures (e.g. −20° C.); the cost of the complex, often multi-step plant; the cost of the measures to contain the toxic chemical reagents (e.g. trimethyl silyl chloride, phosphorous pentachloride and chloroacetyl chloride); and the need to purify the highly impure cephalosporin C (or a derivative) starting material.

There is therefore a need to provide a means of converting cephalosporin C (or a derivative thereof) to 7-ACA (or a corresponding derivative thereof) which is cheap, involves simple technology, is environmentally friendly and is safe. Such criteria are me therein using an enzyme process.

The search for efficient microbiological or enzyme processes for converting cephalosporin C (or a derivative thereof) into 7-ACA (or a corresponding derivative thereof) has been largely unsuccessful. There have been reports in the literature of two-stage enzymatic processes for converting cephalosporin C to 7-ACA. These require the initial conversion of cephalosporin C into glutaryl-7-ACA using a D-amino acid oxidase (see for instance U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,658,649 or 3,801,458) followed by cleavage of the glutary side chain to give 7-ACA. Two-stage enzymatic processes have, for example, been described by Shibuya et al, Agric.Biol.Chem., 45, 1561-1567 (1981), but all suffer from the disadvantage of reduced efficiency and increased complexity compared with the one step conversion.

There have also been reports of low activity single-step enzyme reactions. For example, EP0283218, EP0322032, and EP0405846, describe one step conversion of cephalosporin C to 7-ACA using enzymes derived from Arthrobacter viscosus, Bacillus Megaterium, and another Bacillus species respectively. EP0474652 describes an enzyme capable of a one step conversion of cephalosporin C to 7-ACA with is derived from Pseudomonas diminuta. Despite extensive work in this area it has not been demonstrated that an enzyme isolate as described above is able to be used for production of commercially relevant amounts of 7-ACA.

It is particularly unexpected therefore, that we have isolated a strain of Pseudomonas vesicularis which produces an amidohydrolase (also known as amidase or acylase) enzyme that can convert caphalosporin C (or a derivative thereof) into 7-ACA (or a corresponding derivative thereof) by way of a one step conversion. The enzyme activity is only weakly observed in the wild type strain, however, useful activity is achieved following partial purification of the enzyme. Furthermore, the gene coding for the amidohydrolase enzyme activity has also been isolated and sequenced (SEQ ID NO:1) and can therefore be expressed in a recombinant host such as E.coli to produce increased amounts of the enzyme. In addition is it a further feature of this invention that the amidohydrolase enzyme isolated is sufficiently robust that it may be immobilised whilst maintaining significant enzymatic activity. Immobilisation of the enzyme is a particularly important step in the adaption of an enzyme for use within large scale fermentation synthesis of 7-ACA. The use of an immobilised enzyme as compared to free enzyme in fermentation has obvious benefits in significantly reducing the requirement for enzyme and subsequent reduction in cost of 7-ACA manufacture.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Restriction map of the cloned P. vesicularis regions of various plasmids: (a) pVS42, (b) pvS44, (c) pVS4461/pTT 1861.

Accordingly, there is provided in a first aspect of the present invention a process for the one step conversion of cephalosporin C or a derivative thereof into 7-aminocephalosporanic acid or a corresponding derivative thereof, comprising treating said caphalosporin C or a derivative thereof with cephalosporin C amidohydrolase derived from Pseudomonas vesicularis B965, or from any cephalosporin C amidohydrolase producing or potentially producing descendants thereof, or from any expression of DNA, particularly a recombinant DNA molecule containing DNA of said Pseudomonas vesicularis B965, or any cephalosporin C amidohydrolase producing or potentially producing descendants thereof.

In an alternative aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for the one step conversion of cephalosporin C or a derivative thereof of formula (I)

wherein

R¹ represents a group selected from —CO(CH₂)₃CH(NHR⁵)CO₂R⁴, —CO (CH₂)₃CO₂R⁴ or —CO(CH₂)₂CO₂R⁴;

R² represents a carboxylic acid or a carboxylate group or a salt, an ester or a protected derivative thereof;

R³ represents a hydrogen atom or a group selected from —CH₂OC(O)CH₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)NH₂ or a pyridiniummethyl group;

R⁴ represents a hydrogen atom or a carboxyl protecting group; and

R⁵ represents a hydrogen atom, a benzoyl group or an amino protecting group; into 7-aminocephalosporanic acid or a corresponding derivative thereof of formula (II)

wherein R² and R³ are as defined above;

comprising treating a compound of formula (I) with a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase derived from Pseudomonas vesicularis B965, or from any cephalosporin C amidohydrolase producing or potentially producing descendants thereof, or from any expression of DNA, particularly a recombinant DNA molecule containing DNA, of said Pseudomonas vesicularis B965, or any cephalosporin C amidohydrolase producing or potentially producing descendants thereof.

In preferred aspect of the present invention the compound of formula (I) is cephalosporin C (i.e. R¹ is the group —CO(CH₂)₃CH(NH₂)CO₂H; R² is a carboxylic acid group, and R³ is the group —CH₂OC(O)CH₃) and the compound of formula (II) is 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (i.e. R² is a carboxylic acid group; and R³ is the group —CH₂OC(O)CH₃).

In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a recombinant DNA molecule for use in cloning a DNA sequence in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic host, said recombinant DNA molecule comprising a DNA sequence selected from DNA sequences from the DNA sequence set out in SEQ ID NO:1, which code on expression for a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase enzyme or functional variations of the DNA sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO:1, which codes on expression for a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase enzyme.

In a further preferred aspect of the present invention, the DNA or the recombinant DNA comprises a DNA sequence selected from part or all of the DNA sequence set out in SEQ ID NO:1 or functional variations thereof.

In an alternative aspect of the present invention, there is provided a recombinant DNA molecule for use in cloning a DNA sequence in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic host, said recombinant DNA molecule comprising the DNA sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO:1 herein or a functional variation of the DNA sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO:1, which codes on expression for a polypeptide having the biological activity of the enzyme cephalosporin C amidohydrolase.

In a further alternative aspect of the present invention, there is provided a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a DNA sequence which hybridizes to the DNA sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO:1 or is related to the DNA sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO:1 by mutation.

It will be appreciated that the term a “functional variation of the DNA sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO:1” as used comprises a DNA sequence selected from:

(i) DNA sequences which are allelic variations of the DNA sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO:1;

(ii) DNA sequences which hybridize with the above sequences (i) or the DNA sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO:1, and

(iii) DNA sequences which are degenerate as a result of the genetic code to the above sequences (i) and (ii), or the DNA sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:1.

Preferably a “a function variation of the DNA sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO:1” will encode a polypeptide which comprises an amino acid sequence substantially corresponding to the sequence of native cephalosporin C amidohydrolase as found in Pseudomonas vesicularis B965 SEQ ID NO:1 or contain one or more deletions, substitutions, insertions, inversions or additions of allelic origin or otherwise. The resulting polypeptide will have at least 80% and preferably 90% homology with the sequence of a native cephalosporin C amidohydrolase enzyme and retain essentially the same cephalosporin C amidohydrolase activity as herein defined or, more preferably, exhibit enhanced activity or enzyme kinetics in the presence of cephalosporin C substrate, for example, by increasing the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate (i.e. reduction in K_(m)) or enhancing the rate of reaction (i.e. increase in K_(cat)).

It will be appreciated that the caphalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequences of the present invention may comprise an operatively linked transcription and translation activating sequence that controls the expression of the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequence. Such activating sequences for use in recombinant DNA expression are well known in the art.

It will also be appreciated that it is particularly desirable to combine the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequence with a start codon such as CTG, CTG or, most preferably, ATG, by conventional methods.

Furthermore, the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequences of the present invention may comprise regulatory signals at the 3′ end of the coding sequence such as the stop codons TAG, TAA and TGA, and mRNA polyadenylation and processing signals.

It will be appreciated that a polypeptide with cephalosporin C amidohydrolase activity according to the present invention may be expressed as a fusion protein using a gene fusion where a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequence of the present invention is joined to a coding sequence for another protein such that their reading frames are in phase. Such gene fusions may be constructed in order to link the polypeptide with caphalosporin C amidohydrolase activity to a signal peptide to allow its secretion by a transformed cell. Another use of this technique may be to enable the splicing of a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequence behind a promoter sequence in the correct reading frame without the need to position it exactly adjacent to the promoter. A further use of this technique would be to add an affinity tag to the polypeptide with caphalosporin C amidohydrolase activity to facilitate assaying of the polypeptide.

The term “cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequences” is intended to incorporate those sequences which contain one or more modifications such as mutations, including single or multiple base substitutions, deletions, insertions or inversions and which code on expression for a polypeptide possessing cephalosporin C amidohydrolase activity as herein defined. Where modified DNA sequences are used, these may be those recombinant DNA sequences which are degenerate as a result of the genetic code which code on expression for a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence identical to that of a native cephalosporin C amidohydrolase enzyme as found in Pseudomonas vesicularis B695.

Alternatively, a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequence incorporating the modifications described above may code on expression for a polypeptide possessing cephalosporin C amidohydrolase activity as herein defined, in which one or more deletions, substitutions, insertions, inversions or additions of allelic origin or otherwise, results in improved expression of the enzyme and/or the enzyme having improved catalytic activity, for example, by increasing the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate (i.e. reduction in K_(m)) or enhancing the rate of reaction (i.e. increase in K_(cat)).

It will further be appreciated that the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequences of the present invention may be combined with other recombinant DNA sequences.

For example, the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase enzyme of the present invention will accept glutaryl-7-ACA as a substrate, hence the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequences may be combined with a D-amino acid oxidase-encoding recombinant DNA sequence. Alternatively, the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase enzyme of the present invention naturally accepts cephalosporin C as a substrate, hence the cephalosprin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequences may be combined with a DAC acetyltransferase-encoding recombinant DNA sequence.

The recombinant DNA sequences of the present invention may be introduced directly into the genome of an antibiotic-producing microorganism in which case they may be used as such. Alternatively, the recombinant DNA sequences of the invention may be introduced by standard techniques known in the art by the use of recombinant DNA expression vectors. When introduced in this way it will be appreciated that the vector will, in general, additionally comprise promoter and/or translation activating sequences, operatively linked to the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequences and preferably additionally using a selectable marker system for identifying the transformed host, for example, as described herein below.

There is thus provided in a further aspect of the present invention a recombinant DNA expression vector comprising a recombinant DNA sequence of the invention and additionally comprising a promoter and translation activating sequence operatively linked to the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequence.

In an alternative aspect the recombinant DNA sequences of the present invention may be introduced into a non-antibiotic-producing microorganism, for example, Escherichia coli, either directly or as part of a recombinant DNA expression vector to provide the expression and isolation of an enzyme with cephalosporin C amidohydrolase activity which may be useful in catalysing in vitro antibiotic preparation or the in vitro preparation of precursors for use in antibiotic production. Even if expression of a polypeptide with cephalosporin C amidohydrolase activity is not intended in E.coli, a suitable recombinant DNA expression vector should preferably be capable of replication in a prokaryotic host such as E.coli to facilitate further genetic manipulation.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is thus provided a eukaryotic or prokaryotic host transformed with a recombinant DNA expression vector comprising a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequence of the invention.

Preferred hosts include species of filamentous fungi such as Acremonium spp or Penicillium spp, species of streptomyces, or other bacteria such as E.coli or Bacillus spp. Particularly preferred hosts are Acremonium chrysogenum or E.coli.

In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of expressing cephalosporin C amidohydrolase activity in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic host comprising:

a) transforming the host cell with a recombinant DNA expression vector that comprises (i) an expression control sequence that functions in the host cell, and (ii) a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequence which is operatively linked to the expression control sequence;

b) culturing the host cell transformed in step (a) under conditions that allow for expression of cephalosporin c amidohydrolase activity.

It will be appreciated that the recombinant DNA sequence described herein may contain lengths of recombinant DNA which do not code on expression for cephalosporin C amidohydrolase. Although these non-coding sequences in no way detract from the usefulness of the whole recombinant DNA sequence, it may be convenient or desirable to utilise a smaller restriction fragment derived from the recombinant DNA sequences. The restriction fragments may be obtained, for example, by cleavage with suitable restriction endonucleases enzymes or specific exonuclease enzymes by methods well known in the art.

According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a recombinant DNA expression vector which comprises a gene coding on expression for a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase polypeptide having the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:1 or allelic or other functionally equivalent variations thereof in which one or more amino acids has or have been added, substituted or removed without substantially affecting the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase activity in the enzyme activity assay described herein.

Suitable recombinant DNA expression vectors may comprise chromosomal, non-chromosomal and synthetic DNA such as derivatives of known bacterial plasmids, for example, ‘natural’ plasmids such as ColEl or ‘artificial’ plasmids such as pBR322, pAT153, pUC18, pUC19, pACYC 184 or pMB9, or yeast plasmids, or example, 2μ

Other suitable vectors may be phase DNA's, for example, derivatives of M13, or bacteriophage lambda (λ), or yeast vectors such as derivatives of YIp, YEp or YRp.

It will be appreciated that apart from containing the recombinant DNA sequence or a restriction fragment derived therefrom as herein defined, the recombinant DNA expression vector may also comprise a promoter and translational activating sequence which not only functions in the chosen host cell, but also is operatively linked—meaning that it is positioned in the correct orientation and position to control expression of the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequence. Such an activating sequence may, of course, be found in the full-length recombinant DNA molecule described herein.

Examples of useful promoter sequences which might be used in the recombinant DNA expression vectors of the invention include, for example, the pcbC promoter of isopenicillin N synthetase (IPNS) from Acremonium spp or Penicillium spp, the cefEF promoter of expandase/hydroxylase (DAOCS/DACS) from Acremonium spp, the penDE promoter of Acryl CoA:6APA actyl transferase from Penicillium spp, and numerous promoter sequences from Aspergillus spp including pgk, gpdA, pki, amdS, argB, trpC, alcA, aldD and niaD promoter sequences.

Further examples of useful promoter sequences which might be used in the recombinant DNA expression vectors of the invention include the glycolytic promoters of yeast (for example, the promoter of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, PGK), the promoters of yeast acid phosphatase (for example, Pho 5) or the alcohol dehydrogenase-2 (alcA) or glucoamylase promoter. Where expression is carried out in a bacterial host such as E.coli useful promoters which might be used in the recombinant DNA expression vectors of the invention are well known in the art, and include the λP_(L)/C_(I)857 system as well as other common promoters such as tac, lac, trpE and recA. Another suitable expression system would be the T7 polymerase system.

In addition, such recombinant DNA expression vectors may possess various sites for insertion of a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-encoding recombinant DNA sequence of this invention. These sites are characterised by the specific restriction endonuclease which cleaves them. Such cleavage sites are well recognised by those skilled in the art

The expression vector, and in particular the site chosen therein for insertion of a selected recombinant DNA fragment and its operative linking to an expression control sequence, is determined by a variety of factors including the number of sites susceptible to a given restriction enzyme, the size of the protein to be expressed, contamination or binding of the protein to be expressed by host cell proteins which may be difficult to remove during purification, the location of start/stop codons, and other factors recognised by those skilled in the art. Thus the choice of a vector and insertion site for a recombinant DNA sequence is determined by a balance of these factors, not all selections being equally effective for a given case. Likewise not all host/vector combinations will function with equal efficiency in expressing the recombinant DNA sequences of this invention. The selection is made, depending upon a variety of factors including compatability of the host and vector, ease of recovery of the desired protein and/or expression characteristics of the recombinant DNA sequences and the expression control sequences operatively linked to them, or any necessary post-expression modifications of the desired protein.

The recombinant DNA expression vector may also comprise a selectable marker which will facilitate screening of the chosen host for transformants. Suitable markers for use in fungal transformations are well known in the art and include the acetamidase (amdS) gene which confers upon transformants the ability to utilise acetamide as the sole source of nitrogen, antibiotic resistance, for example, the phosphotransferase genes which confer upon transformants resistance to aminoglycosidic antibiotics such as G418, hygromycin B and phleomycin, or resistance to benomyl by transformation with an altered tubulin gene. Another useful marker is the nitrate reductase (niaD) gene which confers upon nitrate reductase deficient mutants the ability to utilise nitrate as the solenitrogen source. Other marker systems for filamentous fungi involve the reversions of arginine auxotrophy using the argB gene, tryptophan C auxotropyy using the trpC gene and uracil auxotrophy using the pyr-4 or pyrG genes.

It will be appreciated that the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase gene of the present invention and the chosen marker gene may conveniently be part of the same plasmid or alternatively they may be on different plasmids in which case the host must be co-transformed using any suitable technique well known in the art.

The recombinant DNA expression vector may also optionally be characterised by an autonomous replication sequence (ars) derived from a fragment of either chromosomal or mitochondrial DNA, preferably from the same species as that being transformed.

In bacterial, e.g. E. coli, expression systems, selectable markers are very well established in the art. Of particular use are markers which confer antibiotic resistance to, for example, tetracycline or chloromphenicol.

It will be appreciated that the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase need not necessarily be totally pure, and that substantial purification by techniques well known in the art should be sufficient to provide an enzyme composition with cephalosporin C amidohydrolase activity.

In a further aspect of the present invention, there is therefore provided a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase-containing enzyme composition capable of the one step conversion of cephalosporin C or a derivative thereof into 7-aminocephalosporanic acid or a corresponding derivative thereof, wherein said enxyme composition is derived from

Iseudomonas vesicularis B965, or any cephalosporin C amidohydrolase producing or potentially producing descendants thereof, or from any expression of the genetic material of said Pseudomonas vesicularis B965, or any cephalosporin C amidohydrolase producing or potentially producing descendants thereof.

Reference herein to protection of amino and carboxyl groups refers to the use of convention protecting groups, for example as described in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” (2nd Edition) by Theodora Greene and Peter Wuts (John Wiley and Sons Inc. 1991).

The principles of using protecting groups are well established. Greene and Wuts propose a number of criteria for useful protective groups:

It must react selectively in good yield to give a protected substrate that is stable to the projected reactions;

It must be selectively removed in good yield by readily available, preferably non-toxic reagents that do not attack the regenerated functional group;

It should form a crystalline derivative (without the generation of new stereogenic centres) that can easily be separated from side products associated with its formation or cleavage;

It should have a minimum of additional functionality to avoid further sites of reaction.

Suitable protective groups would be readily recognised by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Salts of the compounds of formulae (I) and (II) include inorganic base salts such as alkali metal salts (e.g. sodium and potassium salts).

Esters of the compounds of formulae (I) and (II) are preferably physiologically acceptable and include acyloxyalkyl esters, for example, lower alkanoyloxymethyl or—ethyl esters such as acetoxymethyl, acetoxyethyl or pivaloyloxymethyl esters, and alkoxycarbonyloxyethyl esters, for example, lower alkoxycarbonyloxyethyl esters such as the ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester.

As stated above, the process of the present invention comprises treating cephalosporin c or a derivative thereof with a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase of the present invention. In this context, the term “treating” means any conventional method of contacting he substrate with the enzyme.

Thus, for example, a partially purified solution or cell free broth of crude cephalosporin C or a derivative thereof may be utilised as the feed stream which is treated in a batch-wise or continuous manner with the caphalosprin C amidohydrolase enzyme composition of the present invention. Such a method may be effected with or without any prior purification of the substrate or the enzyme.

Alternatively, the cephalosporin C amidohydrolase of the present invention may be immobilised and used, for example, in a stirred tank reactor or as enzyme column through which the cephalosporin C or a derivative thereof is passed. Such an immobilised form of the cephalosproin C amidohydrolase enzyme composition constitutes a further aspect of the present invention.

Methods of enzyme immobilisation are well known in the art (see, for instance, “Biotechnology”; Volume 7a, Enzyme Technology (Ed. J F. Kennedy), Chapter 7, pp347-404, VCH Publishers, Cambridge, UK, 1987). The enzyme may be bound to a support by, for example covalent, ionic or hydrophobic interactions or alternatively by physical adsorption, for example, by entrapment in gel or fibre, or by microencapsulation.

Suitable support materials include natural polymers such as cellulose, starch, dextran, agarose, alginate and protein; synthetic polymers such as polyacrylamides, polyacrylates and polymethacrylates and styrene dibenzene co-polymers; or minerals such as silica, bentonite, kieselgur, glass and metals.

A particularly preferred means of immobilisation is by covalent binding of the enzyme to a support using activation reagents such as cyanogen bromide or glutaraldehyde, or supports with reactive groups such as oxirane, hydrazine, N-hydroxysuccinimide, carbonyldiimidazole or pyridyldithiopropyl. Particularly preferred supports include cross-linked polyacrylamides, agarose and silica.

Other processes for contacting the substrate with the enzyme include the use of membrane reactors, or by simultaneous culture of Pseudomonas vesicularis B965, or any cephalosporin C amidohydrolase producing or potentially producing descendants thereof with the cephalosporin C (or derivative) producing filamentous fungi.

As used herein, the term “cephalosporin C amidohydrolase producing, or potentially producing, descendants thereof” is intended to incorporate all mutants of Pseudomonas vesicularis B965 which might arise through either spontaneous or induced mutation, other than those which do not produce cephalosporin C amidohydrolase. It should be noted however that some non-producers will still be “potentially producing descendants” due to the fact that their genetic material may still be capable of expressing caphalosporin C amidohydrolase as a result of the application of standard recombinant DNA techniques.

Methods of mutagenesis as a means of strain improvement are well known in the art. Modern recombinant DNA techniques provide a more directed means of strain improvement which may involve, for example, the expression of all or part of the genetic material of Pseudomonas vesicularis B965 in another microorganism, for example, E.coli. The recombinant gene coding on expression for cephalosporin C amidohydrolase may or may not be reintroduced into the parent strain of Pseudomonas. Alternative expression systems well known in the art may be utilised to produce large quantities of cephalosproin C amidohydrolase for use in accordance with the present invention. The expression of all or part of the genetic material of Pseudomonas vesicularis B965, or any cephalosporin C amidohydrolase producing or potentially producing descentants thereof constitutes a further aspect of the present invention.

In the following non-limiting examples, included to facilitate further understanding of the present invention, the following abbreviations may be used:

Ceph C cephalosporin C 7ACA 7-aminocephalosporanic acid GL-7ACA 7-β-(4-carboxybutanamido)-cephalosporanic acid (glutaryl 7-ACA) kb kilobase DTT dithiothreitol EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid MOPS 3-[N-morpholino]propanesulphonic acid SDS Sodium lauryl sulphate SDS PAGE SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Tris-HCl tris(hydroxymethyl)aminoethane hydrochloride TSB tryptone soya broth DMAB p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde 2ME 2-mercaptoethanol PVDF polyvinylidene difluoride gac GL-7ACA and Ceph C amidohydrolase-encoding gene

Preparation 1: Recovery and Assay of Amidohydrolase Enzyme Activity from Pseudomonas vesicularis

(a) Natural Isolate Screening System

Microbial isolates were recovered from a wide range of environmental samples using standard microbiological methods as typified in L R Hawker & A H Linton, “Micro-Organisms: Function, Form and Environment”, (Edward Arnold Pubs. 1971); R G Board & D W Lovelock, “Sampling-Microbiological Monitoring of Environments”, (Academic press, 1973); J M Lynch & N J Poole, “Microbial Ecology: A Conceptual Approach”, (Blackwell Scientific, 1979); and “The Oxoid Manual, 5th Edition”, (Oxoid Limited, Wade Road, Basingstoke, Hants, RG24 0PW).

Over 105,000 isolates from nature were subjected to an assay system involving around 260,000 assays in the screening for amidohydrolase enzyme activity. For this assay system, the isolates were grown on complex media solidified with agar in order to provide inoculum to an enzyme substrate mixture. During initial screening the enzyme substrate mixture typically contained 100 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.0); 3 mg/ml Ceph C; 3 mg/ml GL-7ACA; 13.5 mg/ml cloxacillin. A sample of freshly grown cells was incubated for 16-24 hours in enzyme substrate mixture. The 7ACA produced was detected by reaction with DMAB following the method of Balsingham et al (Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 276, 250-256).

From this initial screening, 38 isolates were identified as possessing amidohydrolase activity against GL-7ACA. Further testing was undertaken using the methods of preparation 1(d) and 1(d) described below to identify amidohydrolase activity against Caph C. Of the 38 isolates with GL-7ACA amidohydrolase activity, only 1 strain (present in 4 sister isolates derived from a single environmental sample) had an amidohydrolase enzyme activity with Ceph C.

(b) Strain B965

The bacteriological characteristics of Pseudomonas vesicularis strain B965 are as follows:

1. Morphology

1.1 Colony colour (grown on nutrient agar or TSB agar)—egg yolk yellow, semi-translucent

1.2 Colony morphology—round, regular, entire, convex, smooth, shiny, 0.5 mm diameter after 3 days, 30° C.

1.3 Cell type—rods, 1.5-3 μm length approx.

1.4 Gram—negative

1.5 Motillty—positive

1.6 Spores—negative

1.7 Growth temperture—optimum 30° C.; 37° C.+;41° C.−

2. Biochemical Characteristics: (Table 1.)

2.1 Reduction of nitrate to nitrite − 2.2 Reduction of nitrate to nitrogen − 2.3 Indole production from tryptophan − 2.4 Glucose acidification − 2.5 Arginine dihydrolase − 2.6 Urease − 2.7 β-Glucosidase hydrolysis of aesculin + 2.8 Protease hydrolysis of gelatin − 2.9 β-Galactosidase activity − 2.10 Catalase + 2.11 Oxidase − 2.12 Production of lysine decarboxylase − 2.13 Acid from xylose − 2.14 Alkalisation of Simmons citrate − 2.15 Reaction in Litmus milk No Change 2.16 Assimilation of:- glucose + arabinose − mannose − mannitol − N-acetyl-glucosamine − maltose − gluconate − caprate − adipate (+) malate − citrate − phenyl-acetate − 2.17 Cytochrome oxidase +

(c) Culture Conditions

The strain is maintained by the sub-culture of single isolated colonies onto agar plates. A number of complex agar media support good growth, in particular tryptone soya broth (TSB; Oxoid CM129)+2.0% w/v agar. This media has a pH of 7.3±0.2 and the following compostion: (Table 2)

Component g/L Pancreatic digest of caesin 17.0 Papaic digest of soybean meal 3.0 Sodium chloride 5.0 Dibasic potassium phosphate 2.5 Dextrose 2.5 Agar powder 20.0

Cells are streaked onto the surface of an agar plate which is incubated at 27.5° C. for 2-6 days. Colonies remain viable for several weeks if the agar plates are stored at 4° C.

For long term preservation a single colony from an agar plate is inoculated into 10 ml of liquid medium. Most complex media designed for bacterial growth are suitable, in particular L-broth can be used. This has the following compositon: (Table 3)

Component g/L Bacto Tryptone (Difco) 10.0 Yeast extract (Oxoid L21) 5.0 Sodium chloride 10.0

Inoculated broth is incubated at 27.5° C. with shaking at 220 rpm. After 24 hours the broth is centrifuged. The cell pellet is resuspended in 1 ml of 5% glycerol in water and stored in aliquots −20° C.

(d) Enzyme Activity Assay

Substrate buffer consists of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 containing 13.5 mg/ml cloxacillin and GL-7CA (3 mg/ml) or cephalosporin C (10 mg/ml). Cell suspensions or semi-purifed enzyme samples were incubated in substrate buffer for up to 24 hours at 37° C. At a suitable time a 100 μl aliquot of fluram reagent was then added, mixed and the sample incubated at room temperture for 1 hour. Fluram reagent consists of fluroescamine (Sigma Chemical Co) at 1 mg/ml in dry acetone. The presence of 7ACA in the reaction mix was detected after derivatisation of the free primary amine group by using fluorescence spectroscopy at an excitation wave length of 378 nm and emission detection at 498 nm in a flow injection assay system with 10% acetone in water as carrier fluid.

In addition, 7ACA production was also demonstrated in an HPLC system. The enzyme reaction mix was derivatised as above a 20 μl sample applied in a mobile phase consisting of 35% acetonitrile, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in HPLC-grade water onto a 15 cm Hypersil ODS 5μ column at 32° C. with a flow rte of 1.5 ml/min. Detection by fluorescence spectroscopy was as above. In this system authentic 7ACA standard has a retention time of 6.7 minutes, with a minor degradation peak at

In typical experiments using these conditions B965 cells sufficient to fill a 10 μl inoculating loop produced 320 μg/ml 7ACA in 18 hours incubation GL-7ACA as substrate. Using cephalosporin C as substrate with double the volume of cells enabled production of 5 μg/ml 7ACA in an overnight incubation.

(e) Enzyme Recovery

B965 cells were cultured on TSB agar plates essentially by the method of preparation 1(b). The cells were harvested into enzyme buffer, washed and finally resuspended in 10 ml chilled enzyme buffer. Enzyme buffer is 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 1 mM DTT and 1 mM benzamidine. The cells were lysed by sonication using a 650W output sonicator (model W-380, Heat System Ultrasonics Inc, 1938 New Highway, Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735, USA) on power settings 2-3, 50% cycle, for 12 , minutes . The extract was clarifed by centrifugation at 18,000 g for 15 minutes at 4° C. The supernatant was recovered, adjusted to 10 ml volume in enzyme buffer, then solid ammonium sulphate was added slowly with gentle mixing at 4° C. to 30% saturation. The solution was clarifed by centrifugation as above and teh supernatant adjusted to 60% saturation in ammonium sulphate by slow addition of solid as above. The precipitated material was harvested by centrifugation as above and stored over saturated ammonium sulphate.

Further purification of the amidohydrolase was undertaken using an FPLC system (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, S-751 82 Uppsala, Sweden) in order to define the properties of the enzyme.

Material recovered from the 30-60% saturation ammonium sulphate precipitate was resuspended in MOPS buffer (10 mM MOPS pH8.0, 1 mM benzamidine). The solution was clarified by brief centrifugation followed by filration through a 0.2 micron filter. A 5 ml aliquot of enzyme mixture was applied to an HR5/5 MonoQ column pre-equilibrated with MOPS buffer. Amidohydrolase activity was recovered in the eluate between 2-4 after loading. This fraction was adjusted to 30% saturation in ammonium sulphate and loaded to an HR10/30 phenylsuperose column. Elution of protein was achieved using a salt gradient regime varying from 30%-0% saturation in ammonium sulphate with a running buffer consisting of 100 mM sodium phosphate pH7.0, 1 mM DTT. Amidohydrolase activity was recovered at between 18.5%-15.0% saturation of ammonium sulphate under these conditions.

Following these purfication steps the following typical values of amidohydrolase activity were obtained using the method of prepartion 1(c): (Table 4)

Extract Substrate Time 7 ACA Produced (μl) (mg/ml) (hr) (μg/ml) 10 GL-7ACA (2) 4 22 80 Ceph C (50) 8 14.5

(f) Cephalosporin C Amidohydolase Enzyme Properties

Physical

1. Apparent molecular weight by gel filtratin: 70000±4000.

2. Subunit molecular weight by SDB-PAGE: α30,000, β60,000.

3. Soichiometry apparent: α1β1.

4. Isoelectric point: pI 10.5 ±0.2.

5. Hydrophobicity: does not bind to butyl-,hexanyl-,octyl- or decyl-derivatised agarose; binds to phenyl-dervatised agarose with elution at 650-800 mM ammonium sulphate.

6. Stable in presence of 1 mM DTT.

7. Precipitates from solution at or above 50% saturation ammonium sulphate.

Kinetic

1. pH optimum: 8 (effective range 7-9).

2. Temperature optimum: 40° C. (stable to 45° C.).

3. K_(m):GL-7ACA substrate at 1.2-7.2 mM, K_(m)=2-4 mM;

4. Inhibitors:ammonium sulphate >6% w/v.

5. Specific activity maximum 0.141 μmol 7ACA/min/mg enzyme using Ceph C substrate

Assay response^((a)) R¹ R³ name (% rate of 7ACA)

CH₂OCOCH₃ glutaryl-7ACA 100^((b))

CH₂OH deacetylcephalosporin C 9.8

CH₂OCOCH₃ cephalosporin C 8.0

benzoylcephalosporin-3-pyridiniummethyl 3.5

CH₂OCOCH₃ benzoylcephalosporin C 2.8

CH₂OCOCH₃ succinyl-7ACA 0.8

(a) Assay response is given as product yield standardised to the 7ACA produced from GL-7ACA under equivalen reaction conditions. For this comparison it is assumed that products have molar extinction coefficients equivalent to 7ACA, such that the response was calculated directly from product peak area on HPLC. The standard reaction used 100 μl enzyme prepared by the procedure of preparation of 2(d) from NM522/p/VS44 cells, with 10 mg/ml substrate in overnight reaction at 27° C.

(b) Assay response obtained using 10 μl of above enzyme extract, with 3 mg/ml substrate in 2 hour reaction at 27° C. The actual response was then extrapolated to equivalent conditions to those used with the more slowly hydrolysed substrates.

Preparation 2: Cloning and Identification of Ambidohydrolase-Encoding Gene

(a) Isolation of P.vesicularis Genomic DNA

The organism was grown to late-log phase in 100 μml L-broth at 28° C. The cells were pelleted by centrifugataion (4000 g. 10 minutes) and resuspended in 5 ml of TNES buffer (200 mM Tris-HCI (pH 8.5); 250 mM EDTA; 0.5% SDS). After 1 hour at 37° C., proteinase K was added to 50 μml and incubation continued at 37° C. for 1 hour. An equal volume of phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (50:49:1), saturated with TNES buffer, were added and the suspension vortexed for 15 seconds. After 10 minutes, at room temperature, the phases were seperated by centrifugation (15,000 g 10 minutes 20° C.). Two volumes of absolute ethanol was slowly added to the superntant, and high molecular weight DNA spooled on to a glass rod. The DNA was dissolved in TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCI, 1 nM EDTA, pH 8.0).

Construction of the P.vesicularis Gene Library

Approximately 150 μg P.vesicularis DNA was disgested in a 900 μl reaction for 45 minutes with 5 units Sau3 AI. The DNA was precipitated using ethanol, resuspended in 500 μl buffer and loaded on to a 38 ml 10-40% sucrose gradient made in 1 M NaCl, 20 mM Tris-HCI (pH8.0), 5mM EDTA. After centrifiguration overnight (26000rpm in SW28 rotor, Beckman L8-M ultracentrifuge, 15° C.) 500 μfractions were taken, the DNA ethanol precipitated, and analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Fractions in the size range 5-12 kb were retained.

Approximately 200 ng dephosphorylated BamHI-digested pSU18 vector was prepared by standard techniques. Plasmid pSU18 was obtained from Dr F de la Cruz (Departmento de Biologio Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, 39001 Santander, Spain) and is derived from pSU2713 (Martinez et al, Gene, 68 (1998) p159-162). The prepared vector was ligated with approximately 500 ng size fractionated P.vesicularis DNA. Ligation was performed at 14° C. overnight in a volume of 20 μl with 1U T4 DNA ligase. The ligation mix was transformed into a widely available E. Coli strain NM522. Transformants were selected on L agar plus chloramphenicol (30 μg/ml).

(c) Identification of Amidohydrolase-Encoding Clones

Single colonies were spread onto L agar plates containing chloramphenicol at 30 μg/ml and grown at 27.5° C. for 2-4 days. Aliquots of culture were recovered using a 10 μl inoculating loop then resuspended in 0.5 ml substrate buffer and further treated following the procedure of preparation 1(c). Isolates with amidohydrolase activity can be identified by these means.

(d) Amidohydrolase Activity of Clones

A clone identified by the method of preparation 2(c) carries an active gac gene on a recombinant plasmid. A further derivative plasmid was constructed by the subcloning of a 8.1 kb PstI fragment carrying the gac gene into pSU18 by standard methods. This plasmid is termed pVS42. A restriction may of the P.vesicularis DNA portion of pVS42 is illustrated in FIG. 1(a). Amidohydrolase activity using GL-7ACA or cephalosporin C as substrate is approximately equivalent between E.coli/pVS 42 and the original P.vesicularis isolate using whole cells by the method of preparation 1(c).

E. coli B1113 was grown on TSB agar plates following the method of preparation 1(b). The confluent cell growth was processed for amidohydrolase recovery essentially following the procedure of preparation 1(d) to the cell-free extract stage.

Amidohydrolase activity was further purified by application of the cell-free extract to a DE52 cellulose column (Whatman Ltd, Maidstone, Kent ME14 2ME). The majority of proteins in the extract bind to the matrix and amidohydrolase activity is not retained.

Following this purification step the following typical values of amidohydrolase activity were obtained using the method of preparation 1(c). (Table 6.)

Substrate Time 7 ACA Produced Extract (mg/ml) (hr) (μg/ml) 50 GL-7ACA (3) 3 102 50 Ceph C (10) 4 4.5

Further subclones were derived from pVS42 by partial digestion of pVS42 plasmid DNA with the restriction enzyme KpnI, ligation of the resultant mixture of reaction products and transformation into E.coli strain NM522 using standard methods. Screening of the resultant isolates using procedures of preparation 1(b) and 1(c) identified a number of clones with enhanced cephalosporin C amidohydrolase activity. One such isolate was found to contain a plasmid, termed pVS44. A restriction map of the P.vesicularis DNA portion of pVS44 is illustrated in FIG. 1(b.

Cephalosporin C amidohydrolase enzyme activity was recovered from NM522/pVS44 cells using procedures of preparation 1(b) and 1(c) to the cell free extract stage followed by chromatography on DE52 cellulose as described above. In a typical assay using the method of preparation 1(c), a 10 μl extract produced 12 μg/ml 7ACA from 50 mg/ml cephalosporin C in a 3 hour incubation at 27° C. This represents approximately 30-fold improvement over the level of activity obtained using B1113 strain extract aat an equivalent stage of purification.

(e) Additional Subcloning to Improve Amidohyldrolase Activity

The size of the P. vesicularis- derived DNA fragment encoding the active gac of pSV44 was reduced by progressive exonuclease III enzyme digestion. The methodology was as described by Heinkoff (“Methods in Enzymology”, 155 (1987) 156-165). Unidirectional deletion into the P. vesicularis DNA portion of pVS44 was initiated at the XhoI site, while the pSU18 DNA portion was protected from exonuclease III attack by cutting at the PstI site forming the boundary between the P.vesicularis and E. coli-derived DNAs. These sites are indicated in FIG. 1. Following enzyme treatments and self-ligation of reaction products using the methods of Henikoff (loc. cit.), transformation of E. coli produced a population of colonies carrying variant plasmids with deletions of differing sizes. The population was screened for amidohydrolase activity by the method of preparation 1(c). A whole cell assay was used for screening. A 10 μl inoculation loop full of cells grown 2 days at 27.5° C. was suspended in 1 ml substrate buffer (10 mg/ml cephalosporin C) and incubated overnight at 37° C. One of the isolates recovered from this screen with increased amidohydrolase activity carried the plasmid pVS4461. The P. vesicularis-derived portion of pVS4461 is illustrated in FIG. 1(c).

The P. vesicularis portion of pVS4461 was recovered as a EcoRI-HindIII fragment using restriction sites derived from the pSU18 multiple cloning region into which the P. vesicularis DNA was originally inserted. This EcoRI-HindIII fragment (of about 2.8 kb) was cloned between the EcoRI and HindIII sites of the commercially available phagemid vector pTZ18R (Pharmacia P-L Biochemicals Inc, Milwaukee, Wis. 53202, USA) to yield the phagemid termed pTZ1861. DNA of pTZ1861 was cut at the single ScaI site within the β-lactamase gene. A plasmid derivative of the widely available vector pACYC184 ws used as the source of a DNA fragment encoding the tetracycline resistance gene. This fragment was converted to blunt ends, isolated and ligated to ScaI-cut, diphosphorylated pTZ1861 DNA following standard methods. Following transformation, isolates selected on the basis of tetracycline resistance were screened for amidohydrolase activity. One such active tetracycline-resistant isolate was selected and the recovered phagemid termed pTT1861. The P. vesicularis-derived portion of pTT1861 is identical to that in pVS4461 and is illustrated in FIG. 1(c).

E. Coli strains carrying the various amidohydrolase plasmids were screened for amidohydrolase activity by the method of preparation 1(c) using a 10 μl inoculation loop full of well grown cells, suspended in substrate buffer containing 50 mg/ml Ceph C.

Ceph C amidohydrolase activity was assessed following 3 hours incubation at 27.5° C. In comparative testing the relative activities of isolates carrying the plasmids and phagemics described area as follows: (Table 7.)

Plasmid/ Relative Phagemid Amidohydrolase Activity pVS42 1 pVS44 20-30 pVS4461 60-90 pTT1861 160-240

(f) Amidohydrolase Gene Sequence

The DNA sequence of the gac gene was derived by standard dideoxynucleotide incorporation methods. DNAs of the plasmids pVS42, pVS44 and subclones thereof were useds as templates for sequencing reactions. Sequencing was initiated from either commercially available oligonucleotide primers annealing to the lacZ′ portion of the plasmids or from oligonucleotides designed to anneal within the gac gene. Double stranded DNA was purified using Sephacryl S-400 Spun Columns following the manufacturer's instructions (Pharmacia P-L Biochemicals), then mixed with primer and treated with ⅕ vol 1N NaOH at 37° C. for 10 minutes. The preparations were neutralised with 1N HC1 and used in sequencing reactions following standardd methodology (Sequenase Version 2.0 Kit; US Biochemical Corp). Some highly GC-rich regions caused the appearance of sequencing artefacts through sequence compressions or premature reaction termination. These were resolved through a combination of using deoxyinosine triphosphate in place of deoxyguanosine triphosphate and additional reaction of sequencing products with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase prior to resolution by PAGE, following the manufacturer's recommended procedures (US Biochemical Corp) and the method of Fawcett and Bartlett (BioTechniques, 9, 46-49 (1990)). Some of the sequence was dervied from deletion subclones. The deletions were constructed using exonuclease III digestion following the methods of Henikoff (loc. cit.). The derived DNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence thereof are shown in SEQ ID NO:1.

(g) Amidohydrolase Amino Acid Sequence

The amidohydrolase enzyme specified by the gac gene encoded by the pTT1861 plasmid was purified to homogeneity for amino acid sequence analysis. The E. coli strain NM522/pTT1861 was grown on TSB medium supplemented with 10 μl g/ml tetracycline and solidified with 1.5% w/v agar. Growth was for 18hours at 37° C. About 1 g cell paste recovered by scraping from the agar surface was washed and resuspended in 4 ml ice cold lysis buffer (10 mM MOPS pH 8.0; 1 mM DTT; 1 mM benzamidine). Cells were lysed by sonication (650W output sonicator for 4 pulses of 2 minutes at power setting 2; sample chilled on ice). The lysate was clarifed by centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 30 minutes. Enzyme purification was achieved using a Pharmacia FPLC system. The clarified lysate containing about 100 mg soluble protein was applied to an HR5/5 MonoQ ion exchange column pre-equilbrated with lysis buffer. Amidohydrolase activity was recovered in eluate fractions between 2-4 ml after loading. This material was adjusted to 30% saturation in ammonium sulphate and applied to an HR10/30 phenylsuperose hydrophobic interaction column. Elution of protein was achieved using a non-linear gradient varying from 30%-0% saturation in ammonium sulphate in a 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer containing 1 mM DTT. Eluate fractions containing amidohydrolase activity were pooled and applied to an HR10/30 Superose 12 gel filtration column in the phosphate buffer. Amidohydrolase activity was recovered in fractions equivalent to protein of molecular weight 70,000±4000. At this stage, 3 protein bands were present following SDS-PAGE (Pharmacia Phastsystem). The elvate fractions containing amidohydrolase activity were concentrated using a centrifugal membrane filter device (Centricon 30 Microconcentrator, Amicon Division of W R Grace,Danvers Mass. 01923, USA). About 3 mg protein was recovered by this procedure. Aliquots of protein were treated with SDS and 2ME and resolved by SDS-PAGE using ultrapure reagents following standardd methods as described by Hames and Rickwood in “Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins: A Practical Approach” (IRL Press). Major peptide species of about 30,000 and 60,000 molecular weights were recovered by blotting to PVDF membrane (P Matsudaira, J Biol Chem., 262, 10035-10038 (1987)). The material was subjected to automated amino acid analysis by Edman degradation in an Applied Biosystems 477A Protein Sequencer (Applied Biosystems Inc., FosterCity, Calif. 94404, USA).

The following N-terminal amino acid sequences were derived:

α-peptide (30,000 molecular weight):

Thr Ile Gly Asn Ser Ser Ser/Val Pro Ala Thr Ala Pro Thr-?- Val Ala Gly Leu Ser Ala Pro Ile (Amino Acids 46-61 of SEQ ID NO:2)

β peptide (60,000 molecular weight):

Ser Asn Ala Trp Thr Val Ala Gly Ser Arg Thr Ser Thr Gly-?-Pro Ile Leu Ala Asn Asp Pro His Leu (Amino Acids 274-297 of SEQ ID NO:2)

These sequences are identified and located in SEQ ID NO:2. The α-peptide sequence identified by amino acid sequencing represents a fusion protein between the N-terminus of the lacZ α-peptide derived from the plasmid vector pTT1861 and an internal portion of the α-peptide sequence derived from the P. vesicularis gac gene. The precise linkage of the lacZ-gac fusion is detailed in SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:4 . The linkage brings the two peptide sequences together as a precise in-frame fusion at the KpnI site of the DNA sequence. As this KpnI site forms the boundary of the gac gene in the sequence, it follows that from the methods of construction outlined in Prepartion 2(d) and 2(e), the construct pVS44 and all derivatives including pVS 4461 and pTT 1861 represent similar lacZ-gac fusions. Expressions of amidohydrolase activity in all such constructs utilises a recombinant system, rather than the natural P. vesicularis gac promoter.

Preparation 3: Immobilisation of Amidohydrolase

(a) Amidohydrolase Purification

E. coli strain NM522/pVS 44 was grown on TSB medium supplemented with 10 μg/ml choramphenicol and solidified with 1.5% w/v agar. Growth was for 2-4 days at 27.5° C. Cell paste was recovered by scraping from the agar surface, resuspended and washed in lysis buff (10 mM MOPS pH 8.0; 1 mM DTT; 1 mM benzamidine). About 65 g cell paste was lysed in 350 ml ice cold buffer by sonication (650W output, power setting 4, 5 passes through a continuous flow head at 35 ml/min flow, sample chilled on ice). The lysate was clarified by centrifugation (15,000 rpm, 30 min) to yield 3120 mg soluble protein. This material was passed over a 300 ml column of pre-equlibrated DE52 cellulose. Fractions eluting between 100 ml-500 ml after loading contained amidohydrolase activity in a total of 398 mg protein. The protein was concentrated using a centrifugal membrance device (Centriprep 30 concentrator, Amicon).

(b) Enzyme Immobilisation

The concentrated extract (300 mg protein, 12.54 ml) was adjusted to 100 mM phosphate buffer pH 8.0:1 mM DTT; 1 mM benzamidine, and mixed with 3.0 g (dry weight) oxirane-linked polyacrylic matrix (Eupergit C: Rohm Pharma GmbH, D-6100 Darmstadt Germany). Immobilisation, monitored by protein removal from the liquid phase, was complete by 116 hours. About 120 mg protein became covalently linked to the support. Excess protein was removed by washing in the phosphate buffer.

(c) Immobilised Enzyme Activity

Immobilised amidohydrolase activity was monitored by allowing the enzyme catalysed reaction to occur using an automated control system set to detect and maintain the reaction pH at a set point (a pH stat system). A pH monitor was set such that a fall in pH from the set point triggered a peristaltic pump to allow regulated dosing of alkali titrant.

A reaction volume of 50 ml contained 50 mg/ml substrate (GL-7ACA or Ceph C) in water maintained at 25° C. The reaction mix was adjusted to pH 8.0 using 2M NaOH as titrant before addition of about 3 g dry weight (12 g wet weight) immobilised enzyme to initate the reaction. The suspension was stirred using an overhead paddle type stirrer. Reaction progress was monitored by titrant addition rate and sampling at intervals. The samples were assayed for 7ACA by the DMAB method as in preparation 1(a). By this method the following activities were measured. (Table 8.)

Activity μmole 7ACA/min/g dry μmole/min/g wet Substrate weight immobilised enzyme weight immobilised enzyme Ceph C 0.95 0.24 GL-7ACA 4.7 1.2

The maximum conversion with cephalosporin C (22 hours) was 1.7%, with GL-7ACA as substrate a conversion of 9.0% was achieved.

4 2391 base pairs nucleic acid double linear not provided CDS 1..2388 1 ATG GAC GGC CCG CCG CCG AGG GGG TTA GCC TGT GGC GGG ACC CAC GAC 48 Met Asp Gly Pro Pro Pro Arg Gly Leu Ala Cys Gly Gly Thr His Asp 1 5 10 15 GAA AGG ATA GCA ATG CTC GAC CGG CGC CTA TTT CTG CTT GGT TCG GCG 96 Glu Arg Ile Ala Met Leu Asp Arg Arg Leu Phe Leu Leu Gly Ser Ala 20 25 30 GCG ACC GTG CTG GTG TCT GCC GCC TGC CAC GGC CAG TCG GTA CCG GCG 144 Ala Thr Val Leu Val Ser Ala Ala Cys His Gly Gln Ser Val Pro Ala 35 40 45 ACA GCA CCG ACC CGC GTG GCG GGG CTT TCG GCA CCG ATC GAG ATC ATC 192 Thr Ala Pro Thr Arg Val Ala Gly Leu Ser Ala Pro Ile Glu Ile Ile 50 55 60 GAC GAT CGC TGG GGC GTG CCG CAT ATC CGC GCG CAG ACG AAG GCG GAT 240 Asp Asp Arg Trp Gly Val Pro His Ile Arg Ala Gln Thr Lys Ala Asp 65 70 75 80 GCG TTT TTC GGA CAG GGC TAT GTC GTG GCG CGC GAC CGA CTG TTC CAG 288 Ala Phe Phe Gly Gln Gly Tyr Val Val Ala Arg Asp Arg Leu Phe Gln 85 90 95 ATC GAC CTG GCG CAT CGC CGC GAA CTG GGC CGG ATG GCG GAA GCG TTC 336 Ile Asp Leu Ala His Arg Arg Glu Leu Gly Arg Met Ala Glu Ala Phe 100 105 110 GGG CCG GAT TTT GCC AAG CAT GAT GCC GTC GCC CGA CTG TTC CAT TAT 384 Gly Pro Asp Phe Ala Lys His Asp Ala Val Ala Arg Leu Phe His Tyr 115 120 125 CGC GGC GAC CTG GAC GCC GAG CTG GCG CGC GTA CCC AAG GAA GTT CGC 432 Arg Gly Asp Leu Asp Ala Glu Leu Ala Arg Val Pro Lys Glu Val Arg 130 135 140 GAC TGC GTG GCC GGA TAT GTC GCA GGC ATC AAT GCG CGG ATC GCC GAG 480 Asp Cys Val Ala Gly Tyr Val Ala Gly Ile Asn Ala Arg Ile Ala Glu 145 150 155 160 GTC GAG AAG GAC CCG AGC CTA TTG CCG CCG GAA TAT CGC ATC CTG GGG 528 Val Glu Lys Asp Pro Ser Leu Leu Pro Pro Glu Tyr Arg Ile Leu Gly 165 170 175 GTG ACG CCG CTG CGC TGG GAC ATC CGC GAT CTG GTG CGC GCG CGG GGC 576 Val Thr Pro Leu Arg Trp Asp Ile Arg Asp Leu Val Arg Ala Arg Gly 180 185 190 AGC TCA ATC GGC AAT GCC GAC GAC GAG ATC CGC CGT GCG AAA CTG GCC 624 Ser Ser Ile Gly Asn Ala Asp Asp Glu Ile Arg Arg Ala Lys Leu Ala 195 200 205 GCG CTC GGC ATG CTG GAG CTG GAC GCG GTG ATC GCG CCG CTG CGG CCG 672 Ala Leu Gly Met Leu Glu Leu Asp Ala Val Ile Ala Pro Leu Arg Pro 210 215 220 ACG TGG AAG CTG GCC GTG CCG GAG GGG CTG GAC CCG TCA AAG GTG AGT 720 Thr Trp Lys Leu Ala Val Pro Glu Gly Leu Asp Pro Ser Lys Val Ser 225 230 235 240 GAT GCG GAT CTG GGC GTG CTT CAG CTG GGA CGG CTG CCG TTC GGA CCC 768 Asp Ala Asp Leu Gly Val Leu Gln Leu Gly Arg Leu Pro Phe Gly Pro 245 250 255 GAC ACG CCG ACG CGT GAG CCA GAA GAG GAT CTG GAC CGC GCG CAG GCG 816 Asp Thr Pro Thr Arg Glu Pro Glu Glu Asp Leu Asp Arg Ala Gln Ala 260 265 270 GGG TCG AAC GCC TGG ACC GTC GCT GGC AGC CGC ACC AGC ACT GGC CGC 864 Gly Ser Asn Ala Trp Thr Val Ala Gly Ser Arg Thr Ser Thr Gly Arg 275 280 285 CCC ATT CTG GCC AAT GAT CCG CAT CTG GGG ATC GGC GGG TTC GGG CCG 912 Pro Ile Leu Ala Asn Asp Pro His Leu Gly Ile Gly Gly Phe Gly Pro 290 295 300 CGA CAT GTG GCG CAT CTG ACC GCG CCG GGT CTC GAC GTG ATT GGC GGT 960 Arg His Val Ala His Leu Thr Ala Pro Gly Leu Asp Val Ile Gly Gly 305 310 315 320 GGC GCG CCT GGA CTG CCC GGC ATC ATG CAG GGG CAT ACC GAC CGT TTC 1008 Gly Ala Pro Gly Leu Pro Gly Ile Met Gln Gly His Thr Asp Arg Phe 325 330 335 GCC TTT GGC CGG ACC AAT TTC CAT ATC GAC CAG CAG GAT CTG TTC GTC 1056 Ala Phe Gly Arg Thr Asn Phe His Ile Asp Gln Gln Asp Leu Phe Val 340 345 350 CTG GAG CTG GAT CCC AAC GAT CCC GAG CGG TAC CGC CAC GAC GGC GGC 1104 Leu Glu Leu Asp Pro Asn Asp Pro Glu Arg Tyr Arg His Asp Gly Gly 355 360 365 TGG AAG CGG TTC GAG CGG GTG GAG GAG ACG ATC CCG GTC AAG GAC GGT 1152 Trp Lys Arg Phe Glu Arg Val Glu Glu Thr Ile Pro Val Lys Asp Gly 370 375 380 CCG CCG CAG AAG GTG GTC CTG CGC TAC GCG GTA CAG GGC CCG GTG ATC 1200 Pro Pro Gln Lys Val Val Leu Arg Tyr Ala Val Gln Gly Pro Val Ile 385 390 395 400 ATG CAC GAT CCG GCG GCG CGC CGG GCG ACG GTG CTC GGG TCG ATC GGG 1248 Met His Asp Pro Ala Ala Arg Arg Ala Thr Val Leu Gly Ser Ile Gly 405 410 415 ATG CAG CCC GGC GGG TTC GGA TCG TTC GCG ATG GTG GCG ATC AAC CTG 1296 Met Gln Pro Gly Gly Phe Gly Ser Phe Ala Met Val Ala Ile Asn Leu 420 425 430 TCG CGC GAC TGG AAC AGC CTG AAG GAA GCG TTC AAG CTG CAC CCG TCG 1344 Ser Arg Asp Trp Asn Ser Leu Lys Glu Ala Phe Lys Leu His Pro Ser 435 440 445 CCC ACC AAC CTG CAT TAT GCC GAC GTT GAC GGG AAC CAC GGC TGG CAA 1392 Pro Thr Asn Leu His Tyr Ala Asp Val Asp Gly Asn His Gly Trp Gln 450 455 460 GTG ATC GGC TTC GTT CCG CAG CGC AAG AAG GGC GAC GGG CTG ATG CCG 1440 Val Ile Gly Phe Val Pro Gln Arg Lys Lys Gly Asp Gly Leu Met Pro 465 470 475 480 GTG CCG GGC GAC GGG CGC TAC GAC TGG AAC AGC TAT CGC GAT TTC CGC 1488 Val Pro Gly Asp Gly Arg Tyr Asp Trp Asn Ser Tyr Arg Asp Phe Arg 485 490 495 GTG CTG CCG AGC GAG TTC AAC CCG TCC AAG GGC TGG TTC GCA TCT GCC 1536 Val Leu Pro Ser Glu Phe Asn Pro Ser Lys Gly Trp Phe Ala Ser Ala 500 505 510 AAC CAG AAC AAC CTG CCG GCG AAT TGG CCG CGC GAT CGC ATT CCG GCG 1584 Asn Gln Asn Asn Leu Pro Ala Asn Trp Pro Arg Asp Arg Ile Pro Ala 515 520 525 TTC TCG TTC CGC GAC CCT TAT CGT TAC GAG CGC GTC GCC GAG GTG CTG 1632 Phe Ser Phe Arg Asp Pro Tyr Arg Tyr Glu Arg Val Ala Glu Val Leu 530 535 540 GCA TCG CAG CCG CGC CAT TCG GTG GCG GAC AGC GTG GCA TTG CAG TTC 1680 Ala Ser Gln Pro Arg His Ser Val Ala Asp Ser Val Ala Leu Gln Phe 545 550 555 560 GAC ACG CTG TCG ACG CCG GCC AAG CAG TTC CTG GCG TTG CTA CCC AAG 1728 Asp Thr Leu Ser Thr Pro Ala Lys Gln Phe Leu Ala Leu Leu Pro Lys 565 570 575 CAG CCG TCC GCG GGT GCG GCC CCG GCG GTG AAG ATG CTG TCG GGG TGG 1776 Gln Pro Ser Ala Gly Ala Ala Pro Ala Val Lys Met Leu Ser Gly Trp 580 585 590 GAC GCG AAG CTG GAC AAG GAT AGC GGC GCG GCG GCG CTG TAC GAG ATC 1824 Asp Ala Lys Leu Asp Lys Asp Ser Gly Ala Ala Ala Leu Tyr Glu Ile 595 600 605 GTG TGG CGT GAC CTG GGC AAG CGG ATG CTG GCG GCC ATC GTG CCG GAG 1872 Val Trp Arg Asp Leu Gly Lys Arg Met Leu Ala Ala Ile Val Pro Glu 610 615 620 CAG GCG AAG GAG CTG GTG GAC GAG ATC GCA CCA TCC GAG CTG CTG CGC 1920 Gln Ala Lys Glu Leu Val Asp Glu Ile Ala Pro Ser Glu Leu Leu Arg 625 630 635 640 CGT GCG GCA AGC CGG CCG GCG ATG GTG GAC GAG GCG CTG GCG AGC GGC 1968 Arg Ala Ala Ser Arg Pro Ala Met Val Asp Glu Ala Leu Ala Ser Gly 645 650 655 TGG GCC GAG GCG CAG CGA CTG ATG GGC AGC GAT CCA TCA GCC TGG CGC 2016 Trp Ala Glu Ala Gln Arg Leu Met Gly Ser Asp Pro Ser Ala Trp Arg 660 665 670 TGG GGC ACG TTG CAC CAG GTG CGG ATC GCG CAT CCG CTG TCG AGC ATC 2064 Trp Gly Thr Leu His Gln Val Arg Ile Ala His Pro Leu Ser Ser Ile 675 680 685 CCG GCC ATC GCC GCG GCG TTC CCC CCG ATT GAG GGC GAG GGA TCG GGC 2112 Pro Ala Ile Ala Ala Ala Phe Pro Pro Ile Glu Gly Glu Gly Ser Gly 690 695 700 GGC GAC AGC TAT ACC GTC ATG GCG CGT TGG CTG GGC AAT GGC CCG GGC 2160 Gly Asp Ser Tyr Thr Val Met Ala Arg Trp Leu Gly Asn Gly Pro Gly 705 710 715 720 TGG CGC ACC GGC GGC GGG GCG AGC TAC CTG CAT GTG ATC GAC GTG GGC 2208 Trp Arg Thr Gly Gly Gly Ala Ser Tyr Leu His Val Ile Asp Val Gly 725 730 735 GAC TGG GAC AAA TCG GTG ATG CTG AAC CTG CCG GGG CAG TCG AAC GAC 2256 Asp Trp Asp Lys Ser Val Met Leu Asn Leu Pro Gly Gln Ser Asn Asp 740 745 750 CCG CGC TCG CCG CAT TAC CGC GAT CAA TAT GCG CCG TGG ATC AAG GGC 2304 Pro Arg Ser Pro His Tyr Arg Asp Gln Tyr Ala Pro Trp Ile Lys Gly 755 760 765 GAA ATG CAG CCG ATG CCG TTC AGC CGC GCC GCG GTG GAC GGT GGC GTC 2352 Glu Met Gln Pro Met Pro Phe Ser Arg Ala Ala Val Asp Gly Gly Val 770 775 780 AGC CGT TCG ACG CTG ACG CCG CAG GGG AAG GGC AAG TGA 2391 Ser Arg Ser Thr Leu Thr Pro Gln Gly Lys Gly Lys 785 790 795 796 amino acids amino acid linear protein not provided 2 Met Asp Gly Pro Pro Pro Arg Gly Leu Ala Cys Gly Gly Thr His Asp 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ile Ala Met Leu Asp Arg Arg Leu Phe Leu Leu Gly Ser Ala 20 25 30 Ala Thr Val Leu Val Ser Ala Ala Cys His Gly Gln Ser Val Pro Ala 35 40 45 Thr Ala Pro Thr Arg Val Ala Gly Leu Ser Ala Pro Ile Glu Ile Ile 50 55 60 Asp Asp Arg Trp Gly Val Pro His Ile Arg Ala Gln Thr Lys Ala Asp 65 70 75 80 Ala Phe Phe Gly Gln Gly Tyr Val Val Ala Arg Asp Arg Leu Phe Gln 85 90 95 Ile Asp Leu Ala His Arg Arg Glu Leu Gly Arg Met Ala Glu Ala Phe 100 105 110 Gly Pro Asp Phe Ala Lys His Asp Ala Val Ala Arg Leu Phe His Tyr 115 120 125 Arg Gly Asp Leu Asp Ala Glu Leu Ala Arg Val Pro Lys Glu Val Arg 130 135 140 Asp Cys Val Ala Gly Tyr Val Ala Gly Ile Asn Ala Arg Ile Ala Glu 145 150 155 160 Val Glu Lys Asp Pro Ser Leu Leu Pro Pro Glu Tyr Arg Ile Leu Gly 165 170 175 Val Thr Pro Leu Arg Trp Asp Ile Arg Asp Leu Val Arg Ala Arg Gly 180 185 190 Ser Ser Ile Gly Asn Ala Asp Asp Glu Ile Arg Arg Ala Lys Leu Ala 195 200 205 Ala Leu Gly Met Leu Glu Leu Asp Ala Val Ile Ala Pro Leu Arg Pro 210 215 220 Thr Trp Lys Leu Ala Val Pro Glu Gly Leu Asp Pro Ser Lys Val Ser 225 230 235 240 Asp Ala Asp Leu Gly Val Leu Gln Leu Gly Arg Leu Pro Phe Gly Pro 245 250 255 Asp Thr Pro Thr Arg Glu Pro Glu Glu Asp Leu Asp Arg Ala Gln Ala 260 265 270 Gly Ser Asn Ala Trp Thr Val Ala Gly Ser Arg Thr Ser Thr Gly Arg 275 280 285 Pro Ile Leu Ala Asn Asp Pro His Leu Gly Ile Gly Gly Phe Gly Pro 290 295 300 Arg His Val Ala His Leu Thr Ala Pro Gly Leu Asp Val Ile Gly Gly 305 310 315 320 Gly Ala Pro Gly Leu Pro Gly Ile Met Gln Gly His Thr Asp Arg Phe 325 330 335 Ala Phe Gly Arg Thr Asn Phe His Ile Asp Gln Gln Asp Leu Phe Val 340 345 350 Leu Glu Leu Asp Pro Asn Asp Pro Glu Arg Tyr Arg His Asp Gly Gly 355 360 365 Trp Lys Arg Phe Glu Arg Val Glu Glu Thr Ile Pro Val Lys Asp Gly 370 375 380 Pro Pro Gln Lys Val Val Leu Arg Tyr Ala Val Gln Gly Pro Val Ile 385 390 395 400 Met His Asp Pro Ala Ala Arg Arg Ala Thr Val Leu Gly Ser Ile Gly 405 410 415 Met Gln Pro Gly Gly Phe Gly Ser Phe Ala Met Val Ala Ile Asn Leu 420 425 430 Ser Arg Asp Trp Asn Ser Leu Lys Glu Ala Phe Lys Leu His Pro Ser 435 440 445 Pro Thr Asn Leu His Tyr Ala Asp Val Asp Gly Asn His Gly Trp Gln 450 455 460 Val Ile Gly Phe Val Pro Gln Arg Lys Lys Gly Asp Gly Leu Met Pro 465 470 475 480 Val Pro Gly Asp Gly Arg Tyr Asp Trp Asn Ser Tyr Arg Asp Phe Arg 485 490 495 Val Leu Pro Ser Glu Phe Asn Pro Ser Lys Gly Trp Phe Ala Ser Ala 500 505 510 Asn Gln Asn Asn Leu Pro Ala Asn Trp Pro Arg Asp Arg Ile Pro Ala 515 520 525 Phe Ser Phe Arg Asp Pro Tyr Arg Tyr Glu Arg Val Ala Glu Val Leu 530 535 540 Ala Ser Gln Pro Arg His Ser Val Ala Asp Ser Val Ala Leu Gln Phe 545 550 555 560 Asp Thr Leu Ser Thr Pro Ala Lys Gln Phe Leu Ala Leu Leu Pro Lys 565 570 575 Gln Pro Ser Ala Gly Ala Ala Pro Ala Val Lys Met Leu Ser Gly Trp 580 585 590 Asp Ala Lys Leu Asp Lys Asp Ser Gly Ala Ala Ala Leu Tyr Glu Ile 595 600 605 Val Trp Arg Asp Leu Gly Lys Arg Met Leu Ala Ala Ile Val Pro Glu 610 615 620 Gln Ala Lys Glu Leu Val Asp Glu Ile Ala Pro Ser Glu Leu Leu Arg 625 630 635 640 Arg Ala Ala Ser Arg Pro Ala Met Val Asp Glu Ala Leu Ala Ser Gly 645 650 655 Trp Ala Glu Ala Gln Arg Leu Met Gly Ser Asp Pro Ser Ala Trp Arg 660 665 670 Trp Gly Thr Leu His Gln Val Arg Ile Ala His Pro Leu Ser Ser Ile 675 680 685 Pro Ala Ile Ala Ala Ala Phe Pro Pro Ile Glu Gly Glu Gly Ser Gly 690 695 700 Gly Asp Ser Tyr Thr Val Met Ala Arg Trp Leu Gly Asn Gly Pro Gly 705 710 715 720 Trp Arg Thr Gly Gly Gly Ala Ser Tyr Leu His Val Ile Asp Val Gly 725 730 735 Asp Trp Asp Lys Ser Val Met Leu Asn Leu Pro Gly Gln Ser Asn Asp 740 745 750 Pro Arg Ser Pro His Tyr Arg Asp Gln Tyr Ala Pro Trp Ile Lys Gly 755 760 765 Glu Met Gln Pro Met Pro Phe Ser Arg Ala Ala Val Asp Gly Gly Val 770 775 780 Ser Arg Ser Thr Leu Thr Pro Gln Gly Lys Gly Lys 785 790 795 90 base pairs nucleic acid double linear not provided CDS 7..90 3 ACAGCT ATG ACC ATG ATT ACG AAT TTA ATA CGA CTC ACT ATA GGG AAT 48 Met Thr Met Ile Thr Asn Leu Ile Arg Leu Thr Ile Gly Asn 800 805 810 TCG AGC TCG GTA CCG GCG ACA GCA CCG ACC CGC GTG GCG GGG 90 Ser Ser Ser Val Pro Ala Thr Ala Pro Thr Arg Val Ala Gly 815 820 28 amino acids amino acid linear protein not provided 4 Met Thr Met Ile Thr Asn Leu Ile Arg Leu Thr Ile Gly Asn Ser Ser 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Pro Ala Thr Ala Pro Thr Arg Val Ala Gly 20 25 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of expressing cephalosporin C amidohydrolase in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cell comprising a) transferring the host cell with a recombinant DNA expression vector that comprises i) an expression control sequence that functions in the host cell, and ii) a recombinant DNA sequence encoding a cephalosporin C amidohydrolase operably linked to the expression control sequence, wherein said DNA sequence has the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1; b) culturing the host cell transformed in step a) under conditions that allow for expression of said cephalosporin C amidohydrolase.
 2. A method of expressing a polypetitde having cephalosporin C amidohydrolase activity, said polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology thereto, in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cell comprising: a) transferring the host cell with a recombinant DNA expression vector that comprises i) an expression control sequence that functions in the host cell, and ii) a recombinant DNA molecule encoding said polypetide which is operably linked to the expression control sequence; b) culturing the host cell transformed in step a) under conditions that allow for expression of said polypetide having cephalosporin C amidohydrolase activity.
 3. A recombinant DNA molecule comprising a DNA sequence which encodes a polypeptide which comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, or a polypetide having at leat 90% homology thereto and which retains essentially the same cephalosporin C amidohydrolase activity of the polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
 4. The recombinant DNA molecule according to claim 3 wherein said DNA molecule encodes a polypeptide having at least 90% homology to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
 5. A recombinant DNA molecule comprising a DNA sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
 6. The recombinant DNA molecule according to claim 5 wherein said DNA molecule has the sequence set out in SEQ ID NO:1.
 7. An expression construct comprising the recombinant DNA molecule according to claim 5 and a promoter and translation activating sequence operatively linked thereto.
 8. A eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cell transformed with the construct according to claim
 7. 9. The host according to claim 8 wherein said host cell is an Acremonium chrysogenum cell.
 10. An isolated DNA molecule that encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 90% homologous thereto and that has essentially the same cephalosporin C aminohydrolase activity as the polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
 11. A recombinant molecule comprising the DNA molecule according to claim 10 in a vector.
 12. A host cell comprising the recombinant molecule according to claim
 11. 13. The isolated DNA molecule according to claim 10 wherein said polypeptide has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
 14. The isolated DNA molecule according to claim 10 wherein said polypeptide has an amino acid sequence at least 90% homologous to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. 